HP Forums - (34C) (11C) Summation of Infinite Alternating Series

Extracts from HP Program VA342 - HP-34C Summation of Alternating Series

Abstract

SUMALT

HP-34C

Keywords: sum, infinite alternating series, Euler Transformation, Euler sum, differences, programmable calculator, RPN, HP-34C

Introduction

SUMALT

HP-34C

HP-11C

Link to PDF: HP Program VA342 - HP-34C Summation of Alternating Series.pdf

V.

The code is amazing !
I did spot a few typos in the pdf, however.

S = Σ((-1)^i * y(i), i = 0 .. inf) = y(0)/2 - Δ(y(0))/4 + Δ²(y(0))/8 - ...

S is splitted to 2 parts: S = S' + S''

S' = Σ((-1)^i * y(i), i = 0 .. n)
S'' = y(n+1)/2 - Δ(y(n+1))/4 + Δ²(y(n+1))/8 - ...

There are 2 issues with this.

1. S' actually summed n+1 terms, not n terms, as stated in the pdf
2. if n is even, S = S' - S'', not S' + S''

With these corrections, I was able to confirm example 1, S = 1 - 1/2 + 1/3 - 1/4 + ...

Code:

function euler_transform(t) -- S = t[1] - t[2] + t[3] - t[4] + ...

    local n, k = #t, 0.5

    for i = 2,n do          -- {1, D, D^2, ...} of t[1]

        for j = n,i,-1 do t[j] = t[j] - t[j-1] end

    end

    for i = 1,n do t[i] = t[i]*k; k = -0.5*k; end

end                         -- S = t[1] + t[2] + t[3] + t[4] + ...

lua> n, d, t = 10, 7, {}
lua> for i=n+1,n+d+1 do t[i-n] = 1/(i+1) end -- terms to estimate s2
lua> euler_transform(t)
lua> table.foreachi(t, print)
1 0.041666666666666664
2 0.0016025641025641003
3 0.00011446886446886233
4 1.1446886446884671e-005
5 1.4308608058594997e-006
6 2.1042070674336805e-007
7 3.50701177901638e-008
8 6.4602848558431396e-009

lua> s1, s2 = 0, 0
lua> for i=0,n do s1 = s1 + (-1)^i/(i+1) end -- n+1 terms
lua> for i=1,d+1 do s2 = s2 + t[i] end -- d+1 terms
lua> s1, s2
0.7365440115440116 0.043396829332061765
lua> s1 - s2 -- n is even, thus the minus sign
0.6931471822119498

We may apply Aitken Extrapolation, to slight improve estimate of s2

lua> s1 - (s2 - t[d+1]^2/(t[d+1] - t[d]))
0.6931471807531758
lua> log(2)
0.6931471805599453

Hi, Albert Chan:

(02-12-2021 03:04 PM)Albert Chan Wrote: [ -> ]
The code is amazing !

Thank you for your kind words, much appreciated.

Quote:I did spot a few typos in the pdf, however.

Nah, not exactly typos as in "I typed something incorrectly" but simply that I was being somewhat informal (originally it was a "Long Live"-Series article, not a formal math paper), not counting term 0 or caring to specify the precise alternating sign for the correction terms. However, rest assured that the RPN program code of course does take these details into account and is perfectly correct, as you may check if you run the examples featured or any others of your own.

Thanks again and keep your eyes peeled for my next post tomorrow 14th, to commemorate my worldwide-known saint patron's festivity. I'll welcome any inputs from you but please, no Lua, no Xcas, I know you'll be itching to use them but please refrain from doing so. If you want to contribute something, I'd appreciate it if you would please post code or results for some HP calc using some HP-calc language and we'll remain in good terms, Ok ? Smile

Regards
V.

(02-13-2021 05:51 PM)Valentin Albillo Wrote: [ -> ]Thanks again and keep your eyes peeled for my next post tomorrow 14th, to commemorate my worldwide-known saint patron's festivity.

Looking forward to it Smile

Quote: I'll welcome any inputs from you but please, no Lua, no Xcas ...

Noted.

I just wanted to show how Euler transformation converted slowly convering sum, into a fast one.
I should have just post the Euler transformed partial sum table ...

I have worked through this nice paper and algorithm too, many thanks Valentin!

(02-12-2021 03:04 PM)Albert Chan Wrote: [ -> ]We may apply Aitken Extrapolation, to slight improve estimate of s2

lua> s1 - (s2 - t[d+1]^2/(t[d+1] - t[d]))
0.6931471807531758
lua> log(2)
0.6931471805599453

Very clever to think of that. I have one question. I would think that t[d+1]^2/(t[d+1] - t[d]) and (x[n+1]-x[n])^2/((x[n+1]-x[n])-(x[n]-x[n-1])) are related if terms x[] are extrapolated, but that is not the case? Shouldn't the formula be (t[d]+t[d+1])^2/(t[d+1]) since when d=2 for example t[2]=x[n+2]-x[n+1] and t[3]=x[n+3]-2x[n+2]+x[n+1]? How did you derive your formula?

- Rob

Hi, robve

Let the last 3 cumulative sum of s2 be a, b, c

a + t[d] = b
b + t[d+1] = c = s2

Aitken(a,b,c) = c - (c-b)^2/((c-b)-(b-a)) = s2 - t[d+1]^2 / (t[d+1] - t[d])

Or, Secant's method, from 2 points: (x1, y1) = (b, t[d]), (x2, y2) = (c, t[d+1])
Extrapolate for (x, t[∞] = 0). Both methods are equivalent.

x = x2 - y2 * (x2-x1)/(y2-y1) = s2 - t[d+1]^2 / (t[d+1] - t[d])

(02-13-2021 11:30 PM)Albert Chan Wrote: [ -> ]Or, Secant's method, from 2 points: (x1, y1) = (b, t[d]), (x2, y2) = (c, t[d+1])

Selection of points is arbitrary, as long as it is consistent.
Example, we can use mean of 2 cumulative sum for x's, estimated error gap for y's

(x1, y1) = ((b+a)/2, (b-a)/2)
(x2, y2) = ((c+b)/2, (c-b)/2)

Again, Secant's method, extrapolate for (x, 0)

x = (c+b)/2 - (c-b)/2 * ((c+b)/2 - (b+a)/2) / ((c-b)/2 - (b-a)/2)
= c - (c-b)/2 - (c-b)/2 * (c-a) / (c-2b+a)
= c - (c-b)/2 * ((c-2b+a) + (c-a)) / (c-2b+a)
= c - (c-b)^2 / (c-2b+a)
= Aitken(a, b, c)

(02-14-2021 11:30 AM)Albert Chan Wrote: [ -> ]Again, Secant's method, extrapolate for (x, 0)

x = (c+b)/2 - (c-b)/2 * ((c+b)/2 - (b+a)/2) / ((c-b)/2 - (b-a)/2)
= c - (c-b)/2 - (c-b)/2 * (c-a) / (c-2b+a)
= c - (c-b)/2 * ((c-2b+a) + (c-a)) / (c-2b+a)
= c - (c-b)^2 / (c-2b+a)
= Aitken(a, b, c)

Thanks, that explains it. I misunderstood the extrapolation was for S2, not the infinite alternating series (which couldn't be much of an improvement).

Note that in general one should run the summation loop for S2 in Euler_transform backwards to accumulate fewer roundoff errors because the summand terms t[i] diminish quickly. Though I can't see how it really improves the final S that is already an approximation.

- Rob

This has been here for a while: (11C) Summation of infinite, alternating series